The transmission principle of a base station antenna mainly includes the following steps:

Signal processing: Control signaling, voice calls, or data service information on the core network side are sent to the base station through the transmission network. In 2G and 3G networks, signals are first transmitted to the base station controller and then to the base station.

Baseband and RF processing: The signal is processed by baseband and RF on the base station side, and then sent to the antenna for transmission through RF feeder lines

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Antenna transmission: The antenna converts the processed signal into radio waves and transmits them through a wireless channel. Parameters such as antenna gain, radiation pattern, and lobe width can affect the coverage and quality of signals

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Polarization characteristics: Antennas have appropriate polarization characteristics and can emit or receive electromagnetic waves with specified polarization. Polarization loss refers to the loss caused by the inconsistency between the polarization of the receiving antenna and the polarization of the incident plane wave

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Key parameters and functions of base station antenna

Antenna gain: Antenna gain refers to the gain of the field strength of the antenna in the maximum radiation direction relative to the reference value, commonly expressed in dBd and dBi units. The higher the gain, the more concentrated the radiation energy of the antenna, and the smaller the coverage area.

Radiation pattern: Base station antennas can be divided into omnidirectional radiation pattern and directional radiation pattern. Omnidirectional antennas have equal radiation intensity in all directions on the horizontal plane and are suitable for omnidirectional small areas; Directional antennas have directionality and are suitable for fan-shaped cells.

Beam width: The beam width of an antenna refers to the angle between two points in the horizontal or vertical plane where the power gain decreases by 3dB relative to the maximum point of the main lobe. The smaller the lobe width, the more concentrated the radiation of the antenna.

Application scenarios and optimization methods of base station antennas

Application scenarios: Antennas with different gains and lobe widths are suitable for different scenarios. For example, antennas with higher gain (such as 20dBi) are suitable for special environments with strong directionality, such as wide and sparsely populated roads; Antennas with lower gain (such as 0-8dBi) are suitable for indoor microcellular coverage.

Optimization method: By adjusting the directionality, gain, and lobe width of the antenna, the signal coverage range and quality can be optimized. For example, adding a reflector can reduce backward radiation and enhance forward energy transfer, thereby achieving directional emission